Copy |
Complete copy with different language |
This occurred when the same content was submitted to at least 2 different journals and published without permission from both journal editors. If permission was received from both journal editors, it could be published as a secondary publication. |
Complete copy with the same language |
This occurred when the literature database did not include one of the journals. The authors incorrectly believed that it was not pos- sible to trace the duplicate publication or they were not aware of the concept of a duplicate publication. |
Copy with some modifications with different language |
Same as 1-1 above, except adding some data and revising the Discussion section. There was no difference in the conclusions. |
Copy with some modifications with the same language |
Same as 1-2 above, except adding some data and revising the Discussion section. There was no difference in the conclusions. |
Salami publication |
Salami publication with a divided sample number |
This occurred when part of the data was used for one article and the other part or the whole dataset was used for the other article. The results may be the same or different based on the hypothesis. |
Salami publication with a divided outcome |
This occurred when the hypothesis or methods were changed after the publication of one article; therefore, the results may be the same or different. |
Imalas publication |
Imalas publication with an extended sample number or extended study periods |
This occurred when the number of subjects was increased or the observation period was prolonged. |
Imalas publication with an added hypothesis |
This occurred when a hypothesis was added. |
Imalas publication with an extended sample number or extended study periods, and an added hypothesis |
This occurred when the number of subjects was increased or the observation period was prolonged, and a hypothesis was added. |
Others |
Reverse imalas |
This occurred when the number of subjects was reduced. |
Not classified above |
Others not classified as above or difficult to classify. |